How Income Inequality Affects Minority Workers

It’s no secret that white households in the United States take in significantly more income than black and Latino households do, fueling racial inequality. What’s to blame for this discrepancy? It’s not just that whites work in higher paying jobs than their minority counterparts do. Even when whites and minorities both work in the same field—management, for instance—these income gaps don’t disappear. Women and people of color continue to bring home less than white men do because of the pervasiveness of income inequality. A vast amount of research indicates that minority workers are literally being shortchanged in their paychecks. The Effect of the Great Recession The Great Recession of 2007 had an adverse effect on all American workers. For African  American and Hispanic laborers in particular, the recession proved devastating. The racial wealth gap that existed before the economic downturn only widened. In a study called â€Å"State of Communities of Color in the U.S. Economy,† the Center for American Progress (CAP) pinpointed just how much minority employees suffered during the recession. The study found that blacks and Latinos brought in on average $674 and $549, respectively, per week. Meanwhile, whites earned $744 per week, and Asians earned $866 per week during the fourth quarter of 2011. Contributing to this pay gap is that higher numbers of African Americans and Hispanics than whites and Asians worked in jobs that paid minimum wage or less. The amount of black minimum wage workers rose by 16.6 percent from 2009 to 2011, and the number of Latino minimum wage workers rose by 15.8 percent, CAP found. On the other hand, the number of white minimum wage workers rose by just 5.2 percent. The amount of Asian minimum wage workers actually dropped by 15.4 percent. Occupational Segregation In February 2011, the Economic Policy Institute released a paper about racial disparities in income called â€Å"Whiter Jobs, Higher Wages.† The paper suggests that occupational segregation contributes to racial gaps in the pay scale. EPI found that â€Å"in occupations where black men are underrepresented, the average annual salary is $50,533; in occupations where black men are overrepresented, the average annual salary is $37,005, more than $13,000 less.† Black men are extremely underrepresented in â€Å"construction, extraction, and maintenance† jobs but overrepresented in the service sector. Turns out the former employment sector pays quite a bit more than the latter service sector. Disparities Remain When All Else Is Equal Even when African Americans work in prestigious fields, they earn less than whites. Black Enterprise magazine conducted a study which found that blacks with degrees in computer networking and telecommunications will likely earn $54,000, while their white peers can expect to take home $56,000. The gap widens among architects. African American architects average a salary of $55,000, but white architects average $65,000. African Americans with degrees in management information systems and statistics are especially shortchanged. While they typically earn $56,000, whites in the field earn $12,000 more. How Women of Color Are Shortchanged Because they suffer from both racial and gender barriers, women of color experience more income inequality than others. When President Barack Obama declared April 17, 2012, â€Å"National Equal Pay Day,† he discussed the wage discrimination that minority female workers specifically face. He remarked, â€Å"In 2010—47 years after President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act of 1963—women who worked full-time earned only 77 percent of what their male counterparts did. The pay gap was even greater for African American and Latina women, with African American women earning 64 cents and Latina women earning 56 cents for every dollar earned by a Caucasian man.† Given that more women of color head households than white women do, these discrepancies in pay are truly worrisome. President Obama said that equal pay is not only a basic right but also a necessity for women who serve as the primary breadwinners in their homes. It’s not just women of color who suffer from wage discrimination, of course. The Economic Policy Institute found that in 2008, black men earned just 71 percent of what Caucasian men earned. While black men earned on average $14.90 per hour, whites earned $20.84 per hour.

The Effects of Nature or Nurture on Early Human...

Human development is a very complex process – from conception to death. There has been a long debate on whether human development is determined by nature or nurture. If their growths were all guided by nature only, they would all be born with a mind of â€Å"blank slate†. This means that they do not have any inborn ability to do anything when they are born. On the other hand, if their growth was determined by nurture only, it would mean that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when we are born. In other words, all the physical and mental skills they have right now would have been inherited from their parents and the environment they grow up in has no effect. This essay will focus on the effects of both†¦show more content†¦This is because they are born with the same set of muscles and bones that they learn how to use – the â€Å"nature† part of motor development. However, it is important to notice that the ra te of learning these motor skills differ due to the â€Å"nurture† side of development. For example, an infant that practices walking with its parent may start walking on its own earlier than another infant that received no help. Also, an infant that receives much visual and auditory stimulation, such as playing with toys, develops its motor skills faster than an infant that received none. While the baby continues to learn how to move around on its own, it also learns how to talk – an extremely important skill. Speech development is also determined by both nature and nurture. All babies that are born with no birth defects are equipped with physiological requirements for speech: lungs, voice box, and mouth. They also need a properly working brain and nerves to control these body parts and to mentally form sentences. These form the nature part of the speech development because they are the things that the babies are born with. However, they could be useless if the baby does not learn how to use them properly, and this is where the nurture part of the speech development comes in. A baby that is constantly spoken to by others learns how to talk faster. In an opposite case, a babyShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Nature Versus Nurture Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermine its form† (Fraser). The debate on nature versus Nurture has been a mystery for years now, constantly begging the question on what has a greater effect on the human development of humans. Is human behavior, ideas, and feelings innate or are they learned over time. Nature, or genetic influences, are formed before birth and shaped through early experiences. Genes are viewed as long and complicated chains that are present thought life and develop over time. Nature supporters believe that genes formRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Is It Nature Working With Nurture?1550 Words   |  7 PagesIs the question really Nature versus Nurture or is it Nature working with Nurture? These two forces work together to form a person throughout his or her life. Some scientists believe that personality is based on genetic predispositions, which is known as nature. Other scientists believe the way a person acts is from life experiences, the way a person is taught, and the environment in which a person grew up is known as nurture. In all honesty, the two go hand in hand. One side may pull a b it harderRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. Throughout this paper the effects of environmental and genetics factors on a personRead More Twin Early Development Study: Nature versus Nurture832 Words   |  3 Pagesfollowing what they observe? To begin, you must give credit to the two philosophers who initially sparked different opinions about these two ideas. Aristotle theorized, that humans are born into the world with a blank slate and their behavior and thoughts are due solely to exp erience (Ashcraft, 1998). That theory would suggest that humans learn their phobias, sexuality, gender association, and all other traits through the world that surrounds them. Plato, thought quite the opposite. He believed that believedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevant today. In theRead MoreJames Flynn s Creation Of The Flynn Effect925 Words   |  4 Pagesare currently still arguing whether intelligence is inherited or acquired. Nature is focuses more on genetics an d hormones while. Nurture, on the other hand, focuses on external factors that have an influence on individuals. Regarding the intelligence debate in Psychology, the most important factor is nurture/environment. One piece of evidence that supports nurture in this debate is James Flynn’s creation of the Flynn effect. During the 1960s and 70s intelligence tests were improving. A huge riseRead MoreNature vs. Nurture1218 Words   |  5 Pagespart in making who they are? In the nature vs. nurture controversy, nature proclaims that our genetic make-up plays the primary role in human development, while nurture declares that our environment dictates our development. The nature vs. nurture controversy is an age old question in the scientific and psychological world with both camps having evidence to support their theories. The controversy lies in which is more influential in the development of human beings. While there is no definitiveRead MoreThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology The nature nurture dichotomy is a theme always present in many areas of psychology. But is it right to talk about it as a dichotomy? , Certainly not. To say so would be like stating that they never act together, that they are contradictory and exclusive oneRead MoreNature Nurture Debate922 Words   |  4 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture. Within the field of psychology, this so-called nature-nurture debate, is very often associated with the issue of intellectual quotient, better known as IQ. In the past psychologists have argued that the way in which a child developed was based solely on nature, genetic or hormone-based behaviors, or nurture, environmentRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Development At Childhood Stages1603 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Development Student’s Name University Name â€Æ' Childhood Development Introduction Twins who have the same genetic makeup raised up in a different environment have portrayed variation in performance and other dynamics of intelligence quotients, physical development, and socioemotional development. Research on adoptions has also revealed interesting results concerning biological and nature in the development of the children. Therefore, this raises the question about the roles of nature and nurture

Terrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism - 1852 Words

Terrorism in the twenty-first century has become an important phenomenon, as well as a key security issue for most countries. The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade and the Pentagon demonstrated the damaging impacts of such attacks. Since then, large-scale attacks have grown which establish the ongoing terrorist campaigns that continue over time, including the attacks in Iraq since the US invasion. The attacks not only constitute a threat but instead the cumulative effects of such operations are also very important. Fatality numbers also confirm the growing vulnerability of civilians everywhere to terrorism. (Collins, 2009) Terrorism has never been a new concern, but it has only become more prominent due to the relatively recent attacks on the West including the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris in January. Terrorism by definition is difficult to describe and the definition tends to vary widely, but they usually start at a common point of departure. Most scholars, including Lutz, interprets terrorism as a ‘pejorative concept used to create power in situations in which power has previously been lacking.’ (Lutz et al. 2005) Baylis et al. defines it as ‘the use of violence by sub-state groups to inspire fear, by attacking civilians and/or symbolic targets, for purposes such a drawing widespread attention to a grievance, provoking a severe response, to effect political change.’ (Bayis et al. 2010) However recently the definition of terrorism has started to evolve. A modern tendencyShow MoreRelatedTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhereRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1793 Words   |  8 Pagesprinciple aim of preventing terrorism and anticipating potential terrorist threats to the community. There are both positive and negative implications of counter-terrorism policing in the administration of justice in Australia. This essay will explore these implications and discuss how such matters affect Australians. In specifically negative effects such as counter-terrorism operations often being directed at specific groups, defined on the basis of origin or religion. Terrorism comes from the FrenchRead MoreThe Tensions Between Terrorism And Islamic Terrorism1105 Words   |  5 Pagesadmit it or not. Religion finding home in a political system often leads to military actions against countries based in opposing religions. This paper will discuss the recent referendum in Turkey, the recent European immigration crisis and Islamic terrorism, the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian struggle in Israel, and American and European ideals in general. First, let us discuss Turkey. Since the 1920s, Turkey has been the shining example that secularism can work in a dominantly Muslim country. MustafaRead MoreThe Difference between Terrorism and Domestic Terrorism Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe terms terrorism and domestic terrorism are very similar concepts. There are, however, slight differences in each. Entities that are apart of the Government have slightly different ways of explaining what they believe to be the correct definition of terrorism and domestic terrorism. In this paper the author will offer definitions of the two terms and state which one they agree with the most. The author will also state how the two terms are best differentiated. The Federal Bureau of InvestigationRead MoreIs There a Fundamental Difference between Religious Terrorism and Secular Terrorism?3859 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Is there a fundamental difference between religious terrorism and secular terrorism? Introduction Terrorism has existed as long ago as classical times although its modern counterpart has appeared during the French Revolution with Montesquieus Reign of Terror. More recently, terrorism has assumed a new guise with much of its deeds perpetrated in the name of religion. Although religious terrorism is popularly associated with Islamism, it is not necessarily so. Almost all religions have startedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Terrorism967 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism in the twenty-first century has some similarities and differences from terrorism in the twentieth century. Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the use or threatened use of violence in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. Also useful to remember that because the two entities involved, the terrorists and the terrorized, are on the opposite end of the political, religious or ideological continuum, the same act is viewed by them differently. There is much sense in theRead MoreA Disti nction Between War And Terrorism1849 Words   |  8 PagesA distinction between war and terrorism, and from where terrorism emerged. Within the history of humanity, war and violence has its origins deeply rooted amongst almost all cultures. Terrorism is a relatively young concept. The differences between war and terrorism are essential in understanding the social distinctions between both forms of aggression. The common phrase, ‘All is fair in love and war,’ suggests that acts of aggression are acceptable because of the context, almost expected. The wordRead MoreThe Link Between Drugs And Terrorism2274 Words   |  10 PagesHumberto Corral Professor – Andy Homeland Security 11 October 2014 Narcoterrorism – The link between Drugs and Terrorism INTRO - 1 EXTREME VIOLENT ACTS OF TERROR 5 OPERATIONS 6 FINANCIALS 8 SUMMARY – ARE DRUGS AND TERRORISM LINKED? 9 INTRO - Drug cartels perform brutal criminal activities such as terrorism in the United States apart from sale of drug trafficking, money laundering, kidnappings for Ransom and the sale of illegal weapons in the United States. The presence of criminal activities goesRead MoreAffiliation Between Counter-Terrorism and Terrorism: Analysis of Whittakers Case Study648 Words   |  3 PagesTerrorism Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Terrorism This is an analysis of Whittakers case study whereby the affiliation between counterterrorism and terrorism has been displayed. Some incidents that take place are inclusive of political extremism rather than terrorism itself. This exists as an order of displaying the function official action or specifically overreaction incidents terrorism from above and circuitous, cyclic pattern, which eventually leads to the terrorism. The definition

Surgical Management Medical and Nursing Practices

Question: Discuss about the Surgical Management for Medical and Nursing Practices. Answer: Introduction Surgical management is a very crucial part in medical and nursing practices. The patients undergoing surgery needs additional care, attention and education, which are delivered by the nurse assigned to the patient (Edis, Grant Egdahl, 2012). In accidental cases, usually, the patient undergoes massive pain and other complications. In this situation, nurses have to handle the critical situation tactfully. They have to use their critical thinking and problem solving skills to deal with those situations. Assessment is very important in these cases, as the chance of infection and other related complications are very common in the surgical cases. In this assignment, the surgical management of a 24 year old male patient, Mark Mason would be discussed, who has undergone a motorbike accident and his left leg has been injured. Thus, he immediately needs surgical management. In addition, pain management is also very important in this case. The nursing staffs are responsible for monitoring and completing the pre and postoperative assessment of the patient to evaluate the vital signs of the patients, based on which the interventions are planned. Here, in this assignment, after discussing the background and the patients current condition, the management of the patients situation and the potential complications would be discussed. Background of the condition The assignment is focused on the 24 years old male, Mark Mason, who had undergone a motorbike accident, while riding in the bush. When he was taken to the hospital, he revealed pain in his lower left leg, which was rated 9/10 with deformity, significant swelling and a 5cm lacerated wound. Upon an x-ray, the result revealed an open fracture of the left tibia and fibula. Thus, the orthopedic team has decided to undergo a surgery for the open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the fracture. The repair process would include the insertion of a metal rod and screws for fixing the fractured bone (Fishman, 2012). When his pre-operative assessment was done, it was seen that his left leg is in a split cast. His vital signs during the pre-operative assessment shown 36.4C body temperature, 80 bpm heart rate, 18 per minute respiratory rate, oxygen saturation at room temperature at room temperature was 95%, BP was 136/72, which can be considered as approximately normal blood pressure. Howev er, the pain score was 10/10 in his left leg. Therefore, before the surgery, he was experiencing the worst pain, that can be experienced by a person. Therefore, pain management is very important in Marks intervention plan. Management Mark has undergone a massive injury in his left leg, thus he has been brought to an emergency department and his case has been classified as a surgical emergency. The medical team has decided to undergo an open fracture surgery for Marks recovery. In this context, it has been revealed that pre-operative management is very important for Mark, as he is in an emergency and having severe pain (Clarke et al., 2012). Therefore, the nurse has to prioritize his physical needs initially. For this, the nurse has to go through his medical history and assess his current condition. Physical examination and assessment The initial management priority for this patient would be the overall assessment of the patient. Initially, the nurse would have to prioritize the nursing goals. The initial goal will be the establishment of therapeutic relationship with the patient. For this, the nurse has to communicate with the patient properly. As the patient is suffering from an emergency condition, his self-esteem would be very low, which needs to be enhanced. Through the effective communication, the nurse can enhance patients self-confidence and hope for faster recovery. After the establishment of the therapeutic relationship, investigation of the medical history would be the initial priority (Townsend et al., 2012). Mark would be asked about his drug allergies, regular medication (if any) and other medical history. Then his vital signs would be assessed again including his BP, BGL, RR, oxygen saturation at room temperature, HR. Then, the nurse would assess the condition of the injured area. The rationale behi nd the initial assessment is the reduction of misinterpretation during the decision-making about his nursing interventions and surgical procedures. Physical examination would include examination of the wound, as it has shown that his left leg is in a split cast (Mast, Jakob Ganz, 2012). The examination revealed inflammation of the injury and deformity. Another vital investigation would be the level of consciousness of the patient and the amount of blood loss due to the injury. These assessments are prioritized, as the unconsciousness and massive blood loss, if left untreated, may lead to fatal consequences. Finally, the nurse has to ensure that Marks stomach is empty. Pain management Mark has experienced an injury in his left leg upon experiencing a motorbike accident. His left leg was diagnosed with an open fracture of tibia and fibula bone. As a result of this deep injury, he was experiencing massive pain in his left leg. Thus, assessment of pain is one of the major priorities for Mark. Pain management is one of the key aspects of surgical management. When Mark was brought to the emergency department of the hospital, his pain score was 9 out of 10. Therefore, it can be said he was facing massive but tolerable pain in his leg. As his pain was severe, pain management is very important for Mark (Miller, Margules Raikin, 2012). During the assessment, a pain scale was used and it was revealed that his pain was 10 out of 10, that means, his pain has been increased and now he is feeling the most severe pain, which one can suffer from. Therefore, immediately the patient needs to be relaxed through pain management. As the patient is not allowed to eat or drink anything before surgery, thus intravenous medication for managing his pain can be administered to Mark. In addition, other procedures for managing his pain can be applied (Carlino, Bartolo Jennings, 2012), which includes the relaxation techniques. Pain alleviating medications are usually not applied before surgery. However, as Mark is experiencing the most severe and intolerable pain; instead of oral pain medication, mild pain alleviating medication, that do not contain aspirin or NSAIDS can be administered intravenously. Wound and infection management Mark has an open fracture in his left leg and the injured area has been swollen along with a 5 cm lacerated wound. As the injury is open to air, the chance of infection is very high. Infection in the injured area can lead to tissue necrosis and deterioration of Marks health status. Thus, management of the wound is very important during the pre-operative state (Choi et al., 2012). The nurse has to examine his wound very carefully and should wash the blood properly. The nurse should ensure that the operation table and instruments are sterile enough to reduce the transmission of infection during operation. Finally, the patients consent should be taken for the operation, which is a very essential ethical concern for the medical professional. Pre-operative education for Mark Patient education is an effective approach for enhancing patient satisfaction. Initially, the patient is educated about his situation and then the pros and cons of the surgical process would be discussed. Patient education is very important nowadays, as greater awareness enhances the chance of patients recovery. When a patient is aware of the positive side of the surgical process, self-confidence would be enhanced, which will positively contribute to his recovery. On the other hand, the awareness about the negative sides and risk factor would eliminate the chance of misinterpretation and false hope of the patient (Dunn, Ganapathy Chan, 2012). Here, Mark will be educated about his injury, about the problem he is having and the chance of his recovery. The entire surgical procedure will also be discussed with him, but the procedure will be brief, as he is suffering from massive pain and relaxation is the best way of relief. After explaining the surgical procedure, he will be explained about the precautions needed after surgery and then his informed consent would be collected. The side effects of the medication would also be discussed with him. Other members of the interdisciplinary team involved in the management of Mark In the management of Mark, there would other members, who will play significant roles in the surgical management of Mark. These members would include the other members of orthopedic team. They are the orthopedic physician of Mark, the surgeon, the physiotherapist, the anesthesiologist, circulating and scrub nurse and the hospital staff. The positive contribution of each member in the interdisciplinary team additively enhances the success of the surgical management. In case of Mark, the surgeon would lead the interdisciplinary team. The scrub nurse would assist the surgeon in the operation theater, while handling the correct instruments. On the other hand, the registered nurse would be responsible for setting up the operation theater for Mark (Elgazzar, 2012). Preparing Mark for operation and communication about all of his personal and medical needs would be addressed by the registered nurse. The anesthesiologist is responsible for administering the appropriate anesthesia before surgery and monitoring the vital signs of the patient after the procedure. It is important for surgery. The physiotherapist would also be involved in the team, who will educate Mark about his exercise plan after the surgery, which would promote his recovery. A dietician and some other hospital staffs would also be involved. The dietician woul d ensure the proper diet for Mark after surgery, for reducing the chance of sepsis. Potential complication There are several potential complications related to Marks open fracture surgery. The acute complications related to the bone fracture are usually occurring as a result of the initial trauma and include neurovascular and soft tissue damage, localized contamination, blood loss and infection. Systematic complications include fat embolism, shock and thromboembolism. The local complications include vascular injury, haemarthrosis, fracture blisters, tissue damage and wound infection (Miller, Margules Raikin, 2012). The most common complication is the chance of infection at the area of injury. As Mark has a 5 cm Lacerated wound, it shows high chance of infection, if left untreated. Therefore, the professionals have to take good care of Marks wound to ensure the absence of infection and sepsis. Sometimes, problems with bone healing, such as non-union, delayed union and malunion are also seen. Physicians have to ensure the elimination of all the risk factors and the factors predisposing inf ection and other complications. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the bone fracture can lead to severe complications, if not handled properly. Each members of the interdisciplinary team has made significant contributions in the surgical management of a patient. In this assignment, the focus was the young male Mark, who underwent a bike accident followed by a massive injury in his left leg. Through proper assessment and management of the prioritized needs of the patient, successful outcomes can be achieved in his case. The assignment has also included potential complications, which can be raised after surgery. Thus, enough precautions should be undertaken by the patient, patients family and the assigned physician. Reference List Carlino, W., Bartolo, C., Jennings, G. (2012). Experiences of lower limb open fracture management at the Royal United hospital, Bath. International Journal Of Surgery, 10(8), S86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.06.457 Choi, K., Yang, J., Chung, H., Cho, B. (2012). Current Concepts in the Mandibular Condyle Fracture Management Part II: Open Reduction Versus Closed Reduction. Arch Plast Surg, 39(4), 301. https://dx.doi.org/10.5999/aps.2012.39.4.301 Clarke, H., Bonin, R. P., Orser, B. A., Englesakis, M., Wijeysundera, D. N., Katz, J. (2012). The prevention of chronic postsurgical pain using gabapentin and pregabalin: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesia Analgesia, 115(2), 428-442. Dunn, G., Ganapathy, S., Chan, V. (2012). Surgical palliative care and pain management. Philadelphia: Saunders. Edis, A. J., Grant, C. S., Egdahl, R. H. (2012). Manual of endocrine surgery. Springer Science Business Media. Elgazzar, R. (2012). Open Versus Closed Treatment of Mandibular Condyle Fracture. Dentistry, 02(07). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1122.1000e110 Fishman, S. M. (2012). Bonica's management of pain. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Mast, J., Jakob, R., Ganz, R. (2012). Planning and reduction technique in fracture surgery. Springer Science Business Media. Miller, A. G., Margules, A., Raikin, S. M. (2012). Risk factors for wound complications after ankle fracture surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 94(22), 2047-2052. Townsend Jr, C. M., Beauchamp, R. D., Evers, B. M., Mattox, K. L. (2012). Sabiston textbook of surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Diploma in Business free essay sample

The Assessment Task is due on the date specified by your assessor. Any variations to this arrangement must be approved in writing by your assessor. Submit this document with any required evidence attached. See specifications below for details. Performance objective Demonstrate the skills and knowledge to manage the integration of business ethics in human resources practice. Assessment description Develop a code of conduct and answer a series of questions to demonstrate understanding and ability to apply appropriate standards of behaviour and business ethics. Procedure 1. Develop a code of conduct for JKL Industries (see the case study in Assessment Task 1). JKL has a number of policies and procedures to support its core values and to ensure compliance with legislative requirements. JKL Industries acknowledges it role as a responsible corporate citizen in the local and wider community. Our success will result not simply from satisfying specific equipment needs for a quality product at reasonable prices, but from conducting its business with integrity toward our clients and employees. Integrity in our sales and services and also with our employees relates to the maintenance of high business ethics and moral standards that are essential and a not found to be defamed for the sake of results. Staff members found to be harassing or bullying other members of staff will face disciplinary action ranging from counseling and performance management to dismissal. JKL takes care to respect your right to privacy and fully complies with our obligations under the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000. JKL uses any information we collect in accordance with our Privacy Policy and to provide a more customized service experience. It is company policy to comply in all respects with local/state/federal governments’ legislation. The relevant legislations that need to be complied  with are as follows. Commonwealth Legislation/Regulations Relevant legislation is available for reference through senior management or via access to the internet. State legislation and summary notes are accessed on state government web sites. A guide to accessing federal and state legislation, court decisions, key national and state bodies and research tools is available at: Parliament of Australia, ‘Key internet links on Australian law’, viewed May 2012, . Occupational Health and Safety The JKL OHS and Rehabilitation Policy are displayed in all work locations. JKLS’s commitment to the Occupational Health and Safety is further detailed as part of the JKL Occupational Health and Safety Management Standards. Workplace harassment, victimization and bullying Harassment, victimization and bullying in the workplace is illegal and such actions not tolerated by JKL. Staff members found to be harassing or bullying other members of staff will face disciplinary action ranging from counseling and performance management to dismissal. Anti-discrimination and equal opportunity JKL is committed to upholding affirmative action, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination legislation. This legislation is detailed at: Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission, viewed May 2012, . Vocational education and training, apprenticeships and traineeships (legislation) JKL is committed to upholding the Industrial and Commercial Training Act, the Apprenticeships and Traineeships Act 2001 and the Vocational Education and Training Act (2005). The act stipulates that within all sites of operation, all apprentices/trainees are rostered on each shift with at least one vocationally competent person who verses the apprentice/trainee’s work and performance of duties. JKL directs all clients to the relevant guide to apprenticeships and traineeships and the relevant government websites. TGA, viewed May 2012, . Access and equity policy (diversity and anti-discrimination) Policy JKL Industries values the diversity of its team, clients and communities and  respects the rights of individuals and groups to operate in an environment free of discrimination. Access and equity (diversity and anti-discrimination) is fundamental to the operations of JKL. It is embedded in policies, practices and forward planning. JKL recognizes the importance of diversity in achieving our vision. JKL recognizes that valuing diversity is pivotal to achieving its vision. At JKL anyone engaged in employment or the provision or receipt of training and/or services has the right to operate in an environment that is free from discrimination on the grounds of: age; breastfeeding; disability; industrial activity; lawful sexual activity; marital status; physical features; political belief or activity; pregnancy; race; religious belief or activity; gender; gender identity and sexual orientation; parental or career status or personal association; sexual/sexist or other forms of harassment. Procedures are in place for handling any grievances including complaints of discrimination, unfair treatment or harassment. Complaints will be taken seriously and every effort will be made to resolve them quickly, impartially, empathically and with appropriate confidentiality. Victimization of complainant/s and witness/es is illegal. Complaints may also be lodged with the Equal Opportunity Commission. Privacy statement JKL takes care to respect your right to privacy and fully complies with our obligations under the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000. JKL uses any information we collect in accordance with our Privacy Policy and to provide a more customized service experience. 2. Answer a series of questions relating to business ethics. Specifications You must submit: a written code of conduct. a completed questionnaire. Quality specifications: The code of conduct should contain information detailing the organisation’s standards and expectations with regards to: personal behaviour behaviour towards others in the workplace behaviour towards clients business ethics compliance with relevant legislation expectations regarding the use of information  any specific requirements for individuals based on the nature of the industry. Your completed questionnaire should: Demonstrate an understanding and ability to manage business ethics in the workplace. Demonstrate compliance with legislative requirements. Describe reasonable behaviour and actions and support that organisational policies and procedures. Adjustment for distance-based learners No variation to assessment is required. Questionnaire – Business ethics 1. Code of conduct For the code of conduct you have completed for JKL Industries, answer the following questions. a. How would you communicate the code of conduct? The code of conduct will be communicated through all company policies and procedures, the actions of human resources, education groups focusing on ethics and through an agreement illustrating requirements that is to be signed by employees.

Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle

Introduction Electronic home appliances have become a vital aspect of human life in contemporary world. They range from mobile phones, television sets, computers, radios, and cookers. It is noted that such gadgets are intended to make life more enjoyable. However, the intention notwithstanding, there is an emerging trend where the same machines pose a danger to the environment (Vallero Brasier 2008, p. 217).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, stakeholders and policy makers have developed a number of frameworks to monitor and minimise the negative effects that electronic appliances have on the environment. One such concept is the Life Cycle Analysis (herein referred to as LCA). According to Crawford (2008, p. 496), LCA is regarded as a technique that is essential in understanding the environmental impacts of a given product. The current essay is written against this background. In the paper, the author examines the environmental impacts of a toaster. The report seeks to develop a concept to redesign a sandwich toaster. The aim is to ensure that the appliance is environmentally friendly. The paper begins by addressing the weaknesses of the gadget. The analysis is based on the knowledge acquired by the author with regards to LCA (Zamagni 2012, p. 375). Thereafter, a critical review of the implications of these weaknesses is provided. At the end of the paper, a new design for the toaster is proposed. The envisaged design has two major benefits. First, it is expected to improve the performance of this appliance. Secondly, the new model will alter the components of the toaster, reducing its negative effects on the environment. Weaknesses of the Sandwich Toaster Trusty (2010, para. 3) is of the opinion that the energy consumption associated with various home appliances should be re viewed from an environmental perspective. A domestic electronic gadget, such as a toaster, is essential in the production of sandwiches. It is very convenient as it eases the whole process of food preparation. However, the materials used in manufacturing and designing the machine have varying effects on the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012, para. 3) has tried to address this issue. The organisation advocates for the utilisation of eco-friendly appliances at home and in the office. The need to reduce negative ecological impacts necessitates the redesign of appliances. Such remodelling improves the performance and ‘eco-friendliness’ of the said machine. Today, there are diverse culinary techniques that require similarly diverse appliances to execute. Pastry lovers will agree that toasted bread is a delicacy that saves a lot of time and eliminates the need to rush to the coffee shop. When prepared at home, such snacks tend to bring the f amily together and reduce expenditure on unnecessary inputs. As a result of this, a toaster is one of the appliances whose role is realised when there is a need to prepare bread and other types of food.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lowell (2009, para. 3) affirms that most modern kitchens contain this vital appliance. In terms of power consumption, Lowell (2009, para. 4) points out that a typical toaster requires an average of 900 watts. At this level of consumption, such machines are usually used to toast two slices of bread at once. The only way to understand and redesign a given machine is by analysing its various components (Horne, Grant Verghese 2009, p. 43). The structure of a simple appliance, such as a mobile phone, is characterised by dozens of parts. Each of these parts is designed to play a specific role. The various roles are synchronised to achieve the overa ll functionality of the machine. Murielle (2011) provides an illustration of the materials used in the packaging of an average toaster. A review of the structure of this machine reveals that most of the components used are manufactured through industrial processes that are harmful to the environment. As a result of this, the finished product is associated with a number of shortcomings as far as its use is concerned. The varying weaknesses have serious ramifications to the surroundings. It is important to understand the uses of a given appliance. Such an understanding enables one to determine the inefficiencies, if any, that are linked to the machine (Hendrickson, Lester Scott 2006, p. 39). Murielle (2011, para. 4) indicates that most heating appliances used around the home are made of steel. As a result, they consume a lot of electricity. In light of this, it appears that the first weakness associated with a toaster, as a domestic appliance, has to do with its energy consumption. A ccording to Guo (2012, p. 47), most heating appliances consume approximately 5% of the total power in a home setting. Since a toaster falls under this category of gadgets, it follows that its kilowatt-hour consumption is quite high. Vogtlander (2011, p. 76) points out that many appliances that are used domestically are made from synthetic materials. Owing to the complexity of their applications, machines like toasters require artificial materials that are inexpensive to produce (Vogtlander 2009, p. 104). An example of a commonly used component in manufacturing these machines is phenol formaldehyde. An average toaster is made up of several parts that are designed using this material. Bakerlite is another common substance used in producing heating components. Smil (2013, p. 88) argues that most ecological problems arise from synthetic materials that fail to decompose when their life span expires. The hypothesis is based on the fact that all appliances have a certain duration within wh ich they are expected to last (Vogtlander, Maestre, Rosan, Arno Reene, 2013, p. 66). A skeletal observation of a toaster indicates that it is manufactured using most of these synthetic items. For example, its plug contains bakerlite, whereas its handle cover is coated with phenol formaldehyde.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The explanation illustrated above indicates that appliances made from synthetic materials have a negative effect on the environment. Guo (2012, p. 93) is of the opinion that this is one of the weaknesses of these products. As already indicated, most of the components found in a toaster are made using the aforementioned man-made materials. The observation highlights the second shortcoming as far as a toaster is concerned. The life cycle analysis suggests that appliances should be made fr om bio-degradable materials. The objective of such a preference is to ensure that a given machine can be safely and effectively recycled upon the expiry of its life cycle. Another element associated with the life cycle of an appliance, such as a toaster, involves its packaging. Vogtlander et al. (2013, p. 103) argue that any product should be packaged in a manner that conforms to the stipulated safety standards. The standards are formulated to ensure that the pack can be recycled. An example of such a scenario involves packing the product in a biodegradable material like cardboard. Such items decompose easily and are eco-friendly. Pablo (2009, p. 172) points out that most electrical appliances are packed together with several accompaniments. To this end, it is common to find such elements as manuals and other wrappings in the container used to pack a machine like a toaster. The appliances may be wrapped in multiple layers of plastic material. Such a presentation adds to the gadgetâ €™s shortcomings with regards to disposal. Plastic, as aforementioned, is a synthetic material. As a result, a toaster with such kind of packaging is an ecological hazard in itself. The wrappers add to its weaknesses. Figure 1 below illustrates a typical toaster: Figure 1: A cross section of the sandwich toaster Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From figure 1 above, it appears that the most conspicuous aspect of the appliance is the extended heating material. The curved copper element arcs across the inner surface of the plates. One places their sandwich on the rectangular part (Murielle (2011, para. 4). Evidently, a lot of heat is lost during the toasting process. The heat dissipates into the regions that are not in contact with the bread. In addition, the toaster has a phenol formaldehyde casing that acts as an insulator. The same is indicated by the darkened regions on the diagram. The material used to make the handles should be biodegradable to make the recycling process easier Implications of the Weaknesses Klopfer and Grahl (2014, p. 83) are of the opinion that the performance and durability of an appliance are directly linked to the machine’s shortcomings. The said weaknesses have several implications on the functionality of this gadget. Such weaknesses should be addressed to improve the overall quality of the item. In life cycle analysis, such a product as a toaster is expected to complete its cycle. The phases run from the time it was manufactured to the recycling point. The inability to complete the span implies that the performance of that appliance is compromised (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2: Life Cycle of an Appliance Adapted from: Klopfer and Grahl (2014) From Figure 2, it is evident that an appliance undergoes several stages that make up its ‘life’. The phases are evident in spite of the fact that the machine is inanimate in nature. Roughly, there are four phases in the life of an appliance. As indicated in the figure above, the stages start with the preparation of raw materials and end with the recycling of the product (Alastair 2009, p. 151). In some cases, shortcomings may inhibit the flow of the cycle. Under such circumstances, overall performance is affected (Esty Simmons 2011, p. 188). The discourse provided in the previous section reveals that the major w eaknesses of a sandwich toaster are related to its energy consumption, packaging, and difficulty in disposal. Curran (2012, p. 93) argues that it is possible to regulate the rate at which an appliance consumes power. The major components of the sandwich toaster, as illustrated in figure 1 above, comprise of steel and copper heating materials. The abundant use of these elements is responsible for the high consumption of electricity. The use of energy is further compounded by the quality of steel used to assemble the product. Poor quality steel translates to high energy consumption (Chapman 2005, p. 187). The case is the same for copper with impurities. Appliances that utilise a lot of energy lead to increased demand for electricity, which has a ripple effect on the environment. Today, fossil fuels and a host of other non-renewable energy sources account for most of the electrical power produced in the world (Klopfer Grahl 2014, p. 97; Thwaites 2011, p. 109). Alastair (2009, p. 106) is emphatic that fossil fuels contribute to environmental degradation. As such, appliances whose electrical consumption is high lead to increased massive ecological deprivation. The exploitation emanates from the fact that a lot of fossil fuels will be required to produce electricity. On a more positive note, high demand for energy gives rise to the formulation of innovative measures. Curran (2012, p. 100) suggests that the need for environmental protection has triggered the development of alternative sources of energy. The existence of appliances whose power consumption is high means that the demand for energy in the market will persist. Innovation is needed to come up with appliances with low power consumption. The objective of these interventions is to minimise environmental degradation by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The other major weakness discussed in the previous section is the difficulty of recycling a toaster. According to Chapman (2005, p. 129), life cycle analysis has specific guidelines that should be followed in disposing an item. The analysis requires the appliance to be re-used to prevent the generation of more synthetic materials. As already indicated in this report, the need to recycle is governed by the element of environmental conservation. To this effect, an appliance that is assembled using materials that pose a challenge during the recycling process will increase environmental degradation. Proposed Redesign of the Toaster According to Energy.gov (2013, para. 2), the rising demand for electrical appliances leads to a proportionate increase in demand for energy. The aspect of environmental protection comes in when the energy is produced in a manner that is not eco-friendly. Kibert (2012, p. 163) insists that it is important to manufacture appliances that consume less power. The interaction between such gadgets and the environment is not harmful. The scenario illustrates the need to dismantle the typical toaster and come up with a new design that addresses the aforementioned weaknesses. To enhance the performance of an electrical appliance, the preferred redesign should be based on the incremental improvement of the constituent components. Horne et al. (2009, p. 96) hold the opinion that such re-engineering is achieved by substituting the unnecessary material. However, the replacement should be done in a way that does not interrupt the functions of the device. On the contrary, the functions should be improved (Horne et al. 2009, p. 96). With regards to the toaster addressed in this report, it is important to make several changes as far as packaging is concerned. Pablo (2009, p. 61) argues that most clients misplace the instruction manuals that come with an appliance. The few who retain the papers end up disposing them at some point. To address this issue, manufacturers of a simple machine like toaster should consider printing the instructions on a section of the actual device. For example, the instructions may b e embossed at the bottom of the machine. Such a modification will help to reduce the adverse effects that papers and plastics have on the environment. The same will also ease the recycling process, meeting the specifications laid down by LCA. The power cable is another aspect of the toaster that requires redesigning. According to Murielle (2011, para. 5), the plastic cords can be redesigned to improve functionality. Plastics are non-biodegradable, something that complicates the recycling process. It is advisable to replace the long cables with a shorter version, which further insulates the toaster. Still on the subject of insulation, the phenol formaldehyde used to coat the handles should be replaced with a bio-degradable material like bamboo (Crawford 2008, p. 500). The most important aspect of a toaster is its heating capabilities. Murielle (2011, para. 5) holds that the only way to improve the performance of a toaster is to enhance its heating qualities. Such an improvement calls for increased insulation by covering the exposed parts. In addition, manufactures can make use of components with little electrical resistance. One such material is copper with very few impurities. The new design should avoid having the copper arc across the cross-section of the plates. Instead, the sandwich toaster should have the heating material concentrated on the sections where the bread is placed. The same helps to distribute the heat evenly. Murielle (2011, para. 4) posits that an even distribution of heat helps to hasten the heating process, which reduces the amount of electricity spent. The major objective of the proposed modifications is to enhance the performance of the machine and improve its efficiency (Alastair 2009, p. 73). Redesigning a toaster is meant to enhance the quality of the toasted bread and eliminate components that have a negative effect impact on the environment. In addition, the proposed design will make it possible for the toaster to go through the com plete ‘life cycle’ with little or no hindrances. The objective is realised through the elimination of non- biodegradable materials, which are replaced with those that are friendlier to the environment. The proposed design is illustrated in figure 3 below: Figure 3: A cross section of the re-designed toaster The figure above makes it obvious that the new toaster is significantly different from the old one. The surface area covered by the heating filament has increased. Each of the sections in the plates has a portion of the heating filament running on it. The thickness of the copper has also decreased to reduce energy consumption (Alastair 2009, p. 113). The insulating material has been changed from the initial phenol formaldehyde to bamboo. The new insulator has properties that allow it to reduce heat loss into the environment. As a result, most of the heat energy is retained within the toaster. The same helps to reduce the time spent in burning the bread. The ripple e ffect is that a smaller amount of electricity is spent. Conclusion The recommendations made in this report are important in enhancing the performance of various machines used in the home and in the office. According to Chapman (2005, p. 108), the human race is heading to an era where electronic appliances will be vital components of life. At the same time, there will be increased demand for energy. All these developments need to address the issue of sustainable source of energy. The design of new appliances should help in conserving the environment and minimising energy consumption. The recommended and remodelled toaster responds to the weaknesses of the standard machine and makes it more efficient. The efficiency of other appliances must also be enhanced. However, the new designs should not impair the normal functioning of the product. References Alastair, F 2009, The eco-design handbook: a complete sourcebook for the home and office, Thames Hudson Publishers, London. Chapman, J 2 005, Emotionally durable design: objects experiences and empathy, Routlege, New York. Crawford, R 2008, ‘Validation of a hybrid life-cycle inventory analysis method’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 88 no. 3, pp. 496-506. Curran, A 2012, Life cycle assessment handbook: a guide for environmentally sustainable products, Wiley, London. Energy.gov 2013, Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Web. Esty, C Simmons, P 2011, The green to gold business playbook: how to implement sustainability practices for bottom-line results in every business function, Wiley, London. Guo, M 2012, Life cycle assessments (LCA) of lightweight eco-composites, Springer, New York. Hendrickson, T, Lester, B Scott, H 2006, Environmental life cycle assessment of goods and services: an input-output approach, Routlege, London. Horne, R, Grant, T Verghese, K 2009, Life cycle assessment: principles practice and prospects, Collongwood, CSIRO Publishing. Kibert, J 2012, Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery, Wiley, London. Klopfer, W Grahl, B 2014, Life cycle assessment, Wiley, London. Lowell, J 2009, Environmentally friendly toaster saves planet and breakfast. Web. Murielle, 2011, Creating and maintaining an eco-friendly kitchen. Web. Pablo, L 2012, Bamboo: a sustainable solution for Western Europe design cases LCAs and land-use, VSSD, Delft. Smil, V 2013, Making the modern world: materials and dematerialization, Wiley, London. Thwaites, T 2011, The toaster project: or a heroic attempt to build a simple electric appliance from scratch, Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton. Trusty, W 2010, An overview of life cycle assessments: part one. Web. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012, Risk management sustainable technology: life cycle assessment (LCA). Web. Vallero, D Brasier, C 2008, Sustainable design: the science of sustainability and green engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey. Vogtlander, G 2009, LCA-bas ed assessment of sustainability: the eco-costs/value ratio EVR, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G 2011, A quick reference guide to LCA data and eco-based materials selection, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G, Maestre, A, Rosan, H, Arno, S, Reene, W. 2013, Eco-efficient value creation, sustainable design and business strategies, Delft Academic Press, Delft. Zamagni, A 2012, ‘Life cycle sustainability assessment’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 17 no. 4, pp. 373-376. This report on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write Religious Soil Essay Topics

How to Write Religious Soil Essay TopicsReligious upbringing essay topics should be chosen carefully, if the child is to make the grade. They are not easy essays. They are better suited for adults, as it is easier to write if you have already some knowledge of life in general.The religious upbringing essay topics need to be fun and engaging. That will ensure that your child's mind is hooked on it and doesn't take much time in starting to follow the topic. You should also take a look at the key elements like focus and purpose. This will ensure that the essay is readable and gives you a good chance of getting a good grade.The key in writing religious upbringing essay topics is keeping the focus on one topic. Although this is easier said than done, you can create a topic around what the child likes. This can be by focusing on something that has been mentioned during the bible lessons at school.The children are often taught to love God and always thank him when asking for something. You should do your best to create an essay based on this. Keep the focus on the subject and use examples, stories or facts to show the benefit that comes from following the principles and values taught in the bible.Your religious upbringing essay topics can also be based on your child's interests. By showing examples of what they do or enjoy doing, it will make their mind go instantly. They will remember everything that you have told them and be able to explain all about it later.Your religious upbringing essay topics can also be based on current events, which is very interesting and also includes your child's other interests. When you show examples of current events happening, you should be able to explain how the problems that occur can be solved by following the right principles. All these examples will help your child to understand the importance of following the rules and having faith in the idea that they can achieve anything that they set their mind to.The most important parts of the essay are the opening and the conclusion. These two should be brief and easy to read. If your topic is related to the bible, you can explain the things that the bible teaches in the opening part and then relate all the things you have told your child to the topics in the conclusion part.Use real life examples in the conclusion part, so that the reader understands exactly what you mean. Relate everything you have told your child in the introductory part to everything they have learnt later on. It should be clear that everything you have talked about were according to the bible and made to fit with real life examples.